THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF KOGI STATE POLYTECHNIC, LOKOJA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF KOGI STATE POLYTECHNIC, LOKOJA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA.
BY
MATRIC NO: NOU100032296
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, LOKOJA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS DEGREE IN ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING
DECEMBER 2014
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this research project entitled THE IMPACT OF APPLICATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF POLYTECHNIC IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA was carried out by SONEYE, Semiu Adebayo in the School of Education, National Open University of Nigeria Abeokuta for the award of Masters Degree in Education.
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DR. FOLAJIN, S.O. SIGNATURE / DATE
PROJECT SUPERVISOR
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PROGRAMME LEADER SIGNATURE / DATE
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PROF. BADMUS ADEMOLA SIGNATURE / DATE
DEAN SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
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EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE / DATE
DEDICATION
This research project is dedicated to the Holy Spirit, who has been the source of my inspiration. Also to my dependable wife, Mrs. Endurance Amishetu Adesayo Soneye and to my beloved children, Adebayo Soneye (Jnr.), Adedayo Soneye and Adetayo Soneye.
To number one student of National open University of Nigeria Chief Aremu Okikiola Olusegun Obasanjo (Former President Federal Republic of Nigeria).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My profound gratitude goes to the Almighty God for His continual guidance, shelter, provisions and support. I also wish to express my indebtedness to my loving and caring mother Mrs. Grace Abiola Soneye for her motherly advice and encouragement. I really appreciate your spiritual assistance and I say a big thank you. I also wish to acknowledge the efforts and concern of my darling wife Mrs. Endurance Amishetu Adesanyo Soneye and my beloved children Adebayo Soneye (Jnr.), Adedayo Soneye and Adetayo Soneye for their sincere passion and interest for my professional career.
I am also grateful to my Senior Professional Colleagues; Dr. Farayola of Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education Otta Ijanmt in Lagos. Mr. Kunle Aina (Residence Supervisor) Tai Solarin College of Education, Ibafo Campus, Pastor Odumo (Co-ordinator) Federal College of Education Osiele Abeokuta Mowe Campus, Mr. Oke (Principal) Community High School Ibafo, Ogun State for there support and encouragement.
My sincere appreciation goes to my Project Supervisor Dr. S.O. Folajin for his guidance, encouragement, corrections, suggestions and opinion which were quite informed and enhanced the quality of this research project. Also, I appreciate the concern and contribution of my past and present counselor Mrs. Omotayo (NOUN Lagos Centre), Dr. (Mrs.) Aina (NOUN Abeokuta Centre).
Finally, I wish to express my appreciation to all my past and present students at various outreach centre for their contributions and support towards the realization of my profession career. Thank you all (Tai Solarin College of Education, Ibafo Campus, Federal College of Education Abeokuta, Mowe Campus and Moshood Abiola Polytechnic Mowe Campus.
May the good Lord continue to grant you knowledge, wisdom and understanding in all your endeavours Amen.
ABSTRACT
The study was on the Impact of Application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the administration of Polytechnic in Ogun State, Nigeria. The study population comprised 5 polytechnics in Ogun State, Nigeria. These polytechnic were one Federal Polytechnic, one State owned Polytechnic, one Private owned Polytechnic and two ICT Polytechnics. Sixty subjects were randomly selected from the population. However, related literatures were reviewed from textbooks, journals and past researches. The research instruments were questionnaire which was statically analyzed with contingency tables while the hypotheses were both tested at 0.05 level of significance using the mean statistic. It was discovered that there is a significant relationship between Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and the administration of polytechnic. Therefore, the finding revealed that the proprietors of polytechnics (Federal Government, State Government and private individuals) should procure more ICT facilities and equipment to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in polytechnic administration of polytechnic. This study suggested that administrators of polytechnics should place greater emphasis on ICT in their respective institutions to foster capacity building of human resources, material resources and financial resources.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract vi
Table of contents vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Rationale / theoretical frame work 2
1.3 Statement of the problem 3
1.4 Purpose of the study 4
1.5 Research questions / hypothesis 4
1.6 Significance of the study 5
1.7 Limitations of the study 5
1.8 Dedication of the study 5
1.9 Operation definitions of terms 6
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Basic concepts of information and communications technology 8
2.3 Overview of information and communications technology application
in educational administration 11
2.4 Application of information and communications technology in
polytechnic financial administration 12
2.5 Applicability of information and communications technology (ICT)
In students and staff administration 15
2.6 Administration and Basic principles of administration 18
2.7 Leadership role of institutional administrator 23
2.8 Historical background of polytechnic education in Nigeria 25
2.9 Application of computers to institutional administration in Nigeria 27
2.10 Relevance of ICT to administration of institutions 29
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Research Design 31
3.3 Population of Study 31
3.4 Sampling Procedure 32
3.5 Instrumentation 32
3.6 Data Collection 33
3.7 Data Analysis Techniques 33
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2 Research Questions/Hypotheses analysis and results 35
4.3 Discussion of results 38
4.4 Summary of findings 40
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction 42
5.2 Implication of the study 42
5.3 Recommendation 43
5.4 Suggestions for further studies 43
5.5 Conclusion 44
References 45
Questionnaire (Appendix) 48
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is technology that supports activities involving the creation, storage manipulation and communication of information, together with the related methods, management and application.
In other words, ICT enables us to record, store, process, retrieve and transmit information. It encompasses modern technology technologies such as computer, telecommunication, facsimile and micro-electronics. Older technologies such as document filling systems, mechanical accenting machines, etc are also included in the term information technology. Information and communication technology in today’s world refers to those technologies that determine the efficiency and effectiveness with which we communication and the devices that allow us to handle information.
The role of information and communication technology in the general administration, teaching and learning is rapidly becoming one of the most important and widely discussed issues in our Polytechnics in Nigeria. Obanya (2009) stated that tertiary institutions must strive to meet common 21st century challenges of providing students with an education that is viewed by employers as relevant and valuable, and that education must be driven by information and communication technology (ICT).
In the information field, introduction of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to perform research, classify materials and help clientele seek information has opened a lot of opportunities for further studies in our polytechnics. Those with information skills and the spirit of acquiring more knowledge have emerged as a new generation of information professional, finding and organizing information on contractual basis with individual and organizations (Bjorner, 1995).
Information and communication Technology (ICT) has becomes a key tool in acquiring, processing and disengaging knowledge.
Education is a pre- requisite of today knowledge-based economy the production and use of new knowledge required a more educated population, ICT is playing a major role in the acquisition and diffusion of knowledge which are fundamental aspects of the education process. It is offerings increasing possibilities absent teaching and for invocation in teaching activities through being able to deliver learning cognitive activities any where at anytime. The availability of the internet has giving rise to an electronics approach to the educational system called e-leering
Tertiary educational institutions have always being at the fore front of new scientific discoveries and innovation brought about by the activities of teaching learning and research. E-learning is becoming increase singly primmest in tertiary education, e-learning is being delivered on the platforms of ICT infrastructure promise to widen access to education and at reduced cost, Apart from electronics learning ICT infrastructure are being widely use to support teaching, learning, administration and research activities in tertiary instillation, such infrastructure include personal computers, specialized software, handheld devices, interactive volute board, intranet and visual literary.
1.2 RATIONALE / THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
The internet is now widely used as a medium of communications arrange administration researchers and student in higher institutions. There are many desirable attributes of information communication of information and technology (ICT). Each of them concerns the effective prevision of information to the recipient. These include purpose accuracy factorial, volume of information volume of detail and presentation of information
The term Administration is regarded as the process of utilizing human and imperial resources in accomplishing designating objectives; this could be done by organization, direction co-coordinating and evaluating programmer in a bid to actives goals or objectives. In a such social process, there is always a structure inerrably comprising the subordinates and super ordinals
As such, the primary function of management is to take decisions facture leaching to the achievement of organizational objectives. The types of decisions management malies will determine it information needs, however the numerous crises in they are higher instatement could have been prevents if information and communication Technology will promote issues on student admission student records and transcript examination records and transcript, examination records, teaching, research and community services it has also been observed that the monitoring and evaluation of staff, physical plant planning curriculum development, financial management and information dissemination will increase the efficiency of the polytechnic administration, if information and communication Technology facilities are adequately and properly initialized.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The basic problem of this study is to examine the relational between information (ICT) and administration of kogi state polytechnic.
i. ICT can be applied directly to provide solution to specific administration problems
ii. ICT enhances qualitative and quantitative decision-molding and information management
iii. ICT encourages skill acquisition and competency of administrating
iv. ICT guarantees effective administrative practices in record keeping, information management, personal administrant and resource allocation.
v. ICT here capacity to hurdle quality of date, process them, solve them, process them, store them and release them when needed even at the fastest speed.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to model a critical analysis of the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in the administration of kogi state polytechnic, lokoja Kogi State Nigeria moreover ICT have substantial roles to play in network institutional administration of polytechnics in Nigeria.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS / HYPOTHESES
This study will make use of these various research questions / hypotheses below:
i. What are the specific problems of administration does ICT provide solution to?
ii. How can ICT enhance qualitative and quantitative decision-making in the administration of polytechnic?
iii. How can Information Communication Technology be applied in polytechnic financial administration?
iv. How can Information Communication Technology be applied in students and staff administration?
v. Does ICT have capacity to handle quantity of date for processing with fastest speed?
H01. There is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and solving administration problem.
H02. There is no significant relationship between information and communications and quality of decision marking in the administrative of polytechnics.
H03. There is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and administrative competence in polytechnics.
H04. There is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and administration of human resources in polytechnics
H05. There is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and speed in data management in polytechnics.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is significant to the extent that findings would assists the federal and State ministry of education, National Education Agencies and Foreign and International bodies in implementing its educational policies and compliance with E-leering and E-administration of polytechnics, moreover, this study is amide el-sealing sometimes to the implementation and application of the impact of information and communications of kogi state polytechnic, Lokoja, Kogi State Nigeria.
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This research is concluded within the frame wary of the state objectives it is not indented to carry out a complete evaluation of the role of information and communication technology in the administration of kogi state polytechnic, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria
Due to time and francium constraints, the researcher would do the questionnaire administration on kogi state polytechnic, Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria.
1.8 SCOPE / DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study is restricted to the role of Information and Communication Technology in the administration of kogi state polytechnic, lokoja Kogi State Nigeria.
1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
ADMINISTRATION:is a social process concerned with identifying maintaining, motivating, controlling and unifying formally organized human and material resources within an integrate system designed specifically to activate predetermined objectives.
APPLICATION: is the usage of computer software designed to assist the users to perform specific task related to records keeping and retrieval.
ELECTRONIC ACCOUNTING: Is conceded with the possibility of captioning transactions on-line which is measured, recognized and reported electronically.
ELECTRONIC LEARNING: (E-learning) is an electronic delivery and administration of learning opportunities and support via computer network and web-based technology.
ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT: is a collective term for a range of different technologic that can be used to annotate the internal and external process associated with the saucing and ordering process of goods and service.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY: This is refers to those technologies that determine the efficiency and effectiveness with which we communicate and the devices that allow us handle information.
POLYTECHNIC: This is an instruction concerned with the provision of technical knowledge and vocational sculls necessary for the world of word to increase opportunity for productive worth and sustainable livelihood.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Information and Communications Technology or information and communication technology, usually abbreviated as (ICT), is often used as an extended synonym for information technology (IT), but is usually a more general term that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications such as telephone lines and wireless signals, as well as necessary software, storage and audio-visual systems, which enable users to create access, stone transmits and manipulate information. In other words, ICT consists of IT as well as telecommunication, broadcast media all types of audio and video processing and transmission and network based control and monitoring functions.
The term ICT was first used in 1997 in a report by Dennis Stevenson to the UK government and promoted by the new National Curriculum documents for the UK in 2000.
2.2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
Information and Communications Technology (ICT), is a composite term which embodies three important concepts. To understand all the three concepts, Information means many things to many people, depending on the context. Scientifically, information is processed data. Information is processed data. Information can also be loosely defined as that which aids decision making. Information through abstract, could also be visualized as a commodity, which could be bought or sold. According to (de Walterville and Gilbert 2000) defines information as any potentially useful fact, quantity or value that can be expressed uniquely with exactness. Information is whatever is capable of censing a human mind to change its opinion about the current state of the real world.
Communication refers to the transfer or exchange of information from person to person or from one place to another. When an action produces a reaction, whether positive or negative, communication has taken place. Other writers in the field of communication studies have defined communications as: a process, a transfer of information, ideas, thoughts and messages. It involves a sender, a receiver, a cattle and a language that is understood by both the sender and the receiver. A process involving the passing of messages through the use of symbols which all parties in the communication encounter understand. It involves the exchange of ideas facts opinions attitudes and beliefs between people. It is not a one-way affair. There must be a sender to transmit the message and receiver to make appropriate decisions on how the rest of the exchange should continue (James et al, 2004).
Technology refers to the use of scientific knowledge in invent tools that assist human beings in their efforts to overcome environmental hazards and impediments to comfort. In this regard, technology refers to the things like the computer, telephone, cell phone, GSM handset, television, radio etc. the acquisition, analysis, manipulation, storage and distribution of information, and the design and provision of equipment and software for these purposes (de Watterville and Gilbert 2000). Thus, ICT and information technology (IT) are similar concepts that can be used interchangeably. IT implies communications and therefore it becomes obvious that the two terms are synonymous.
Internet, according to Hargiltai (1999) defines the internet technically and functionally as follows: “the internet is a worldwide network of computers, but sociologically it is also important to consider it as a network of people using computers that make vast amounts of information available. The use of internet has revolutionized access to information for the business world, libraries, education and individuals. A few of the most popular include E-mail (electronic mail), World Wide Web (WWW) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) use net and Telnet. The internet and its technology continues to have a profound effect in promoting the sharing of information especially in academic world, making possible rapid transactions among business, and supporting global collaboration among individuals and organizations.
World Wide Web (WWW) can be described as a literary of resources available to computer users through the global internets. It enables users to view a wide variety of information including magazine, archives, public and college library resources and current world and business news. WWW researchers are organized so that users can easily move from one resource to another.
However, information and communication technology or information and communication technologies are sometimes used with technologies in the plural. Originally, only information and communications technology (with communications in the plural) was considered correct since ICT refers to communications (in the sense of a method, technology or system of sending and receiving information specifically telephone lines, computers and networks) not communication. The act of sending or receiving information by speaking, writing, phoning, emailing, etc. information and communications technology is professionally acclaimed terms used in any research work.
2.3 OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
Information and communications technology (ICT) are indispensable tools in the administration of polytechnic education. Electronic management (e-management) facilitates decision making in an organization.
(Hastim et al 2010) development of ICT in administration of schools as suggested by international institute for communication and development (IICD) “needs to be strengthened in order to manage and plan activities more effectively. Information is mostly in hardcopy format and is not easily accessibly. Data about teachers’ salaries, students grade, the number of pupils peer class and statistical information in general and scattered and are not readily available” (IICD 2007).
School administrators need to be equipped with knowledge, competencies and should have a deep understanding of educational and social dimension of ICT integration. Educational understanding or dimension includes application of ICT in curricular, technical management and financial aspects, while social dimension referred to understanding how ICT are applied in day-to-day social interaction (Tinio 2003).
Studies on the application of ICT in the administration of education reveals major achievements; a study on the use of e-learning software among future school heads in educational management and leadership reveals that e-headship succeeded in promoting teaching ad learning strategies to a higher degree (Moh’d et al, 2009). E-school management system application has been perceived by it users (Rectors, administrative staff and lecturers) to help create the report faster by saving the data into the digital contents and saving the time to preparing the lecture note.
ICT helps administrators to perform schools duties effectively, to increase and provide information to the finger tips of administrator and build very conducive atmosphere for work.
2.4 APPLICATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY IN POLYTECHNIC FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION
The record of purchases, budget, grants administration, cash flow, audit and other financial transactions carried proper documentation for reference purpose. These records were kept in hardcopies before the introduction of ICT. Fortunately, the availability and accessibility of ICT and their integration in financial sector makes it possible and easy for accountants and financial administrators to process all transaction online via the system called an e-accounting. Electronic accounting (e-accounting) as the name implies, makes it possible for transactions to be captured, measures, recognized and reported electrically (Razae el at 2009).
E-procurement is another new paradigm taking lead into financial administration as a result of development in information technology. E-procurement according to Bof and Prevatali (2010) “is a collective term for a range of different technologies that can be sued to automate the internal and external processes associated with the sourcing and ordering process of goods and services”. They further states that “on-line purchases and payment for goods and services in virtual market constitute crucial elements of e-procurement. Successful adoption leads to potential benefits, which include the reduction of transaction costs, operational efficiencies and a better foundation for decision making”. considering the specialized nature of polytechnic systems, and its peculiarity in terms of requirement for different varieties of training materials or consumables, e-procurement system can fit and beneficial in dealing with purchases and supply. While e-procurement has impact on cost reduction, efficiency / productivity, effectiveness and transparency, its adaptation in polytechnic system is essential.
Development of ICT in polytechnic administration using tools such as e-accounting and e-procurement will to a greater extent make significant impact on the growth and development of the programme. “The benefits of e-procurement in public organizations will be the follow:
1. Accelerations of execution of procedures
2. Reducing the time of the purchasing process
3. Reducing the expenses of announcements management
4. Simplification of process, resulting from a re-engineering of such process
5. The direct and constant monitoring of public spending by conducting comparative analysis between the purchasing of similar products in different administrations.
6. Professional growth of employees
7. The opportunity to spend time out of routinely administration tasks (automated by new tools) through activities with higher adopted value to the functions specific purchases (e.g. marketing intelligence)
8. A major transparency due to the uniformity of access to information without discrimination since the tender documents are online, to the standardization of procedures to ensure that processes can be more easily controlled toy external actors in time and according to the quality of services provided in that each supplier will not be discriminated against (for example information asymmetries)” (Bof and Previtali, 2010).
The above benefits are in line with UNESCO and ILO (2002) recommendations that “administrators should keep up to date with new administrative techniques and friends, especially through relevant lifelong learning programmes. They should receive special training in the methods and problems associated with the specific features of polytechnic programmes such as flexible entry and re-entry patterns, continuous training in the workplace, and relevance to the needs of the world of work. This preparation should include:
a. Management methods appreciated to educational administration, including techniques that utilize information and communications technology
b. Financial planning methods that facilitate the allocation of available resources, given the objectives and priorities of the various programmes and ensure their efficient utilization.
c. Contemporary human resources management and development methods (UNESCO and ILO 2002).
ADMINISTRATIVE USES OF ICT
| USE OF ICT | SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS |
| Accounting | Budgeting, purchasing, grants administrations, cash flow, account receivable, account payable, audits |
| Staff administrative services | Human resources management assessing staffing needs, recruiting staff, monitoring staff performance, keeping records, communicating with staff. Human resources development conducting needs assessment, needs analyses and training needs analyses, delivery and assessing employee training |
| Student administrative services | Recruiting and selecting students, advising students, supporting prior learning assessment and recognition, registration, recording attendance and fee payment. |
| Support services | Providing programme information calendar featuring programme and course descriptions, pre-requisites and other requirements, keeping records to comply with freedom of access to information, maintaining web site, giving access to administrative units, faculties and departments, managing computer and e-mail accounts for facilities and students. |
| Research and evaluation | Conducting institutional research, programme evaluation and student assessment of facultires, statistical analyses. |
Source: chinien (2003)
2.5 APPLICABILITY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN STUDENTS AND STAFF ADMINISTRATION
Students administrative services using information technology application packages are too numerous to mention in this area of ICT dispensation. Its application into both applied and physical science is evident in the wealth of literature on ICT. Information and communications technology simplify the administrative support levels of their academic in various levels of their academic pursuit. Students services like records, admission / recruitment, class schedules, attendance, registration, time tabling and accessing result can be realized via network of computers and other communication avenues called student portal (Horn and Siew 2011).
The inventory management, personal records maintenance and library systems are areas that are mostly affected in the field of technical and vocational education and training. This is essence connected to the peculiar nature of the field and its desire to prepare worker with certain competencies and employability seals. Facilities managements, tools and equipment inventory and workshop schedules make it necessary for polytechnics to deploy and fully integrate ICT in its day-to-day operations, students of polytechnics should be able to book for tools and machineries needed to carry out certain experiments online or by using ICT. Therefore, polytechnic institutions should have to embrace the use of technology in both staff and students administrative services (Leung el-d, 2005). ICT tools such as e-tutor and e-student system could provide significant atmosphere in the preparation of technical education graduate to face the challenges for the world to work in the 21stcentury (Seng 2007).
Several ICT and computer aided administration application packages highly enriched with current and emerging technologies are readily available and can be found to support students activities in schools and colleges. Among these latest ICT tools, radio frequency identification (RFID) system appeared to be one. According to Akpir and Kaptan (2010), “RFID is a term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity of an object or person in the form of a unique serial numbers using radio waves. Apart from its numerous applications that aid across human endeavour, RFID application in educational administration includes “automatic person identification system (APIS), class / laboratory. literary attendance management, static / dynamic authorization, submission of workings / announcement and e-money usage.
The following are ways in which teachers use ICT to support their work:
A. Resources / material preparation
i. Lesson planning
ii. Report writing
iii. Curriculum planning
iv. As a lesson resources (e.g. website)
v. Time tabling
vi. School policy development
vii. Reprographics / photocopying
viii. Presentation of demonstrations
ix. Marking and assessment
x. Monitoring pupils progress
xi. Record keeping (e.g. data base entry)
xii. Special educational weeds coordination
xiii. Development planning
xiv. Exam entries and results
xv. Records of achievement
xvi. Extra curriculum activities
B. Registration
i. Staff appraisal / supervision or monitoring
ii. Monitoring attendance
iii. On-line communities
iv. Financial records
v. Continuing professionals development / training
vi. Budgeting
vii. Partnership links (contact outside the school)
viii. Pupil contact (for example, council / internet)
ix. Staff contact (for example arranging though email / internet)
x. On-line purchasing of services and / or goods
C. Parent / Career Contact (for examples, e-mail)
Source: Selwood (2005).
ICT network enables students to have access to course materials and support services anywhere anytime. Wonacolt (2002) states that “Distances students must rely on secure, easily accessible ICT for clear, detailed information about enrolment, modules, courses, requirements, assessments, expectations and sources of help; the opportunity to enroll, pay fees and complete all administrative procedures, regular contact and timely response and feedback from instructions, a variety of methods communicate with teacher (e-mail, online chat bulletin boards), enrolment information linked to application forms, and online assessments (Wonacott, 2002).
Staff administrative support service is achievable through effective ICT integration. Due to the distinct nature of polytechnic system, administration support requires ICT tools embedded in them special features meant to take care of the management of training facilities, tools and equipments both in hard and soft copies.
Horn and Siew (2011) note that ICT tools such as Facility Management System (FMS), File Booking System (FBS), Building Control Management System (BCMS) and Resources Tracking and Management System (RTMS) could help both staff and students to use university or polytechnic facilities conveniently.
2.6 ADMINISTRATION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION
The administration of an institution of higher education has the responsibility for bringing together its various resources and allocation them effectively to accomplish goals. (Blunt and Collins 1994) referred to institutional administration as all those activities carried out to provide for both the long-range viability of the institutional administration is to promote efficiency and provide for the institutions organization efficiency and continuity.
However, administration consists of those activities that are related to the general administrative operations and services of an institution. These activities include: the administrative of personnel programme, fac8ilities and space managements, purchase and maintenance of supplies and materials, communication and transportation services, health and safety.
The basic principles that are essential for the realization and administration of found institution are identified and discussed below.
A. Principles Of Single Executives: The effectiveness of an organization is enhanced by having executive head. The executive has to provide central coordination for all activities of an institution. It is not uncommon to have several teachers in an organization but one of them would serve as the coordinating head of the institution. This is because, it would be impossible to achieve the goals of an institution where central leadership is divided. This principle enhances responsibility and accountability. In a school for instance, there were different department and faculty heads is well as sectional / want heads but one central administration (Rector – in case of a polytechnic). Thus, the organization of every institution reflects the structure and line of interaction.
B. Principle of Unity of Purpose: The effectiveness of an institution is enhanced by clear definition of goals and purpose. It is obvious that unless goals are clearly defined in a complex institution like school system, there is a likelihood of conflict among members of groups within the system.
C. Unity of Command: This principle emphases that order and instructions to a staff in any institution should come from only one-superior officer so as to afford organization efficiency. Organization efficiency is pronounced when members know what are expected of the and to whom they are responsible. Thus, this principle averts conflict and confusion, which often lead to poor performance.
D. Division of Labour: Since it is not possible for a head of an institution to perform all tasks and functions alone, there is need, therefore, to divide or break the work down into number of task, such that other are charged with the responsibilities of carrying out those tasks. This principles leads to specialization and engineers high efficiency and productivity.
E. Span of Control: This is otherwise known as span of administration, management or supervision. Institutional administrator can only be effective and efficient in the centre of achieving goals and objectives of the institution when he has order him the required number of staff that can be directed or supervised. Span of control must not be too large and / or too small. It is determined by a number of interacting factors such as:
i. Administrator’s ability and competency
ii. Nature of the job
iii. Experience of the administrator
iv. Qualification
v. Physical / technicality of the organization
vi. Stability of operation
F. Delegation of Authority and Responsibility: This principle demands that all responsibilities must be accompanied with commensurate authority. The effectiveness of the institution is enhanced when the administrator delegates works to his / her subordinates and with appropriate authority to carry them out successfully. This principle equally strengthens confidence of the subordinates as well as preparing them for administrative functions.
G. Standardization:This is the development of a uniform standardized procedure for routines administrative operation and measuring the performance of an individuals against the standards so as to determine the level o efficiency and effectiveness. Standardization serves labour and the procedure is essential for data collection and the establishment of management information systems.
H. Stability:The vacate behind this principle is that an institution should continue with policies and programmes until the results or outcomes can be evaluated. It emphasizes that constant changes of policies that are not based on sound institutional principles would render the organization in effective and committed resources became wasted.
I. Flexibility:This principle makes provision for innovative ideas and changes. The need for flexibility of administrative and organization increase in the period of rapid change and development. School policies, programmes and procedures must be broad in order to allow innovations and accommodation necessary change when the need arises.
J. Security of Tenure: Institutional effectiveness is guaranteed when there is provision for security of staff. Although individual needs vary the need for security is universal. The need has to be met regardless of the nature organization.
K. Defined Structure: The principle maintains that a defined and definite structure should be establishment such that a clear system of selecting members and leaders would be known. There is also the need to state and define in unequivocal term, the functions of each staff.
L. Proper Setting: Proper setting and conduciveness of and institution determine to a greater extent the efficiency and effectiveness of such institution and the promotion of individual professional development.
M. Personal Policies: As a complement to the processing principle of proper setting, good personnel policies evolve from good personal administration. Good and effective polices and programmes relating to staff welfare should be incorporated to allow job satisfaction for the members of staff and increased productivity.
N. Evaluation:This allows the review of performance and the juxta position of both plan and implementation to know what have been achieved and what has not been achieved. Evaluation should be a constant system to enable the institution achieves its objectives and goals.
However, the order institutions and their structures had demanded a versatile principle applicable for the survival of the organization and individual employee as well, since everything seems dynamic society, people as well as organization, in this vein, the general administration principles would rather be effective for the attainment of the corporate and individual goals within a system.
Thus, the general administrative principles are classified into five which include:
A. The fundamental principles, which are:
i. Responsibility
ii. Delegation of authority
iii. communication
B. The Humanitarian principle which are
i. democracy
ii. justice
iii. human relation
C. The prudential principles, which are
i. Economy
ii. Responsibility and authority
iii. Loyalty
D. The principle of change, which are
i. Adaptability
ii. Flexibility
E. Bureaucratic principles, which are
i. Discussion of work
ii. Hierarchy
iii. Impersonality in official matters
iv. Record keeping
2.7 LEADERSHIP ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
Institutional administrator as a leader has sound fundamental role to play both ethnic and outside the organization. Some of these roles are structured, programmes or routine-based, while some are tout based on his value judgment and intuition. Apart from managing all the resources (human, material and finance) at his disposal, administration also guides and coordinates all efforts of staff towards achieving the present goals and objectives.
In the modern time, the leadership role of administrator is classified under the following:
A. Administration / Management Roles includes:
i. Planning staff activities
ii. Organizing activities and time table
iii. Management and maintenance of physical structure equipment and other facilities
iv. Maintenance of proper order and discipline among staff
v. Management and control of institutional finance and eltor business
vi. Assisting the staff of developing themselves
vii. Defining the tasks to be carried out
viii. Maintenance of good working conditions for staff and establishment of high word among them;
ix. Keeping all statutory records of the establishment and
x. Socialization or / and orientation of new staff
B. Academic Roles of Administrator include:
i. Planning and development of curriculum in relation to the aims and objectives of the system
ii. Discussing emerging issues, theories and changes brought about by new development in the system
iii. Supervising the instructional activities of the staff;
iv. He encourages staff development, conferences and ettor staff training programmes; and
v. Establishing method of evaluating, examining and reporting staff progress.
C. Community / Public-Based Roles include:
i. Ascertaining the composition and the character of the institution – community
ii. Supplying of necessary information to the public absent the institution; and gathering useful information from the community;
iii. Participating in community development projects; and
iv. Inching known and interpreting institutions government policies and programmes to the people.
All these roles are necessary for an administrator to achieve the goals of the institution and the level of discharge of these roles determines the effectiveness of the administrators as leaders.
2.8 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF POLYTECHNIC EDUCATION IN NIGERIA
On attaining independence in 1960, the Nigeria government accepted the recommendation of Ashby Commission to expand technical and vocational education ameliorate acute shortage to technical man power. The polytechnic education through students’ industrial works and improves on the immediate and log term prospects of polytechnic graduates (Oloyo 2008).
Furthermore, it is important to write that the purpose of polytechnic education as contained in Decree No. 16 of 1985 includes, among others, the provision of technical knowledge and vocational skills necessary for agricultural, industrial, commercial and economic development; provision of qualified and well-equipped personnel for the improvement and solution of environmental problems for the use and convenience of man, provision of training to import the necessary skills leading to the production of craftsmen, technicians, technologists and engineers and other skills personnel who would be enterprising and self-reliant, and to enable men and women to have intellectual understanding of the increasing complexity of technology plays in the world as restated by Oloyo (2008). Polytechnic education, therefore, is expected, according to the national policy on education (Federal Republic of Nigeria 1998) to be the main vehicle for technical education in Nigeria at the tertiary level of education.
The Organizational Structure of Polytechnic
The structure of my institution is like the architectural plan of a building (Newman 1972). Structure can be described as a designed frame work or arrangement of things, it implies the framework within which people act. Edger and James (1977) described institutional designs and structure as a powerful way to change and influence people behavior. There are two major kinds of administrative structure common to all institutions. According to (Obilede 1989) these structures are Flat and Tall structures. It is noteworthy that the type of span of control adopted will influence the shape of the organizational structure.
The organizational structure of the polytechnic indicates that there are four academic schools and nine service units that make up the components of the institution. Headship of all the components report direct to the Rector, the chief Executive of the institution. The service units are the Registry (the central hub of the administration), the literary. The Bursary, the works of services, medical centre, the physical and academic planning unit, the Directorate of Students Affairs, Poly Consult & industrial services, the internal audit. The academic school form where the academic programme are mounted are the schools of Applied Engineered, Environment and Management Studies. Headed by a Dean, each school consists of not less than four departments. For the purposes of control and coordination, the departments. For the purposes of central and coordination, the departments link with the central administration through respective Deans.
Furthermore, polytechnic institute is managed by committee system as provided in the Federal Polytechnic Act (1990) or Decree 33 (179). The principal officers in Polytechnic include:
1. Rector
2. Deputy rector (administration)
3. Deputy rector (academics)
4. Registrar
5. Librarian
6. Bursar
2.9 APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS TO INSTITUTIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA
Administration our charged with the responsibilities of planning, organizing, decision-making, supervision, monitoring, record / information management, resources allocation, policy formulation, controlling, coordinating and directing, to mention a few. These functions seem to be interwoven, complex and mending, yet they must be performed for the institution to progress. Effective administration practice would require the use of ICT, in the context of the emerging information society.
An administrator’s user of micro computer would be examined under their broad categories. These are data analysis, word processing and communication.
i. Data Management: Administrators are custodians of data or records of activities, finance events, resources (human and non-human) staff records, students data, and so on. This statistical information about the institutions is required by administrations for decision-making and planning purposes. Proper handling and prompt access to these records are necessary for achieving the school goals. Without compromise or bias, a computer is viable and versatile enough to handle all these records with an advantage of prompt access, correction, and easy manipulation. There is also potentials and relative, secrecy of information.
ii. Data Analysis: Analysis and manipulation of data become virtually daily administrative practices. This is contingent upon the changing trend of information as a result of finding of research. An epic of data and information is required by administrative so as to be effective. ICT have offered all its takes to get these done with appreciable ease and convenience.
iii. World Processing: Computer offers immensurable cost relief services to administrators in the aspect of word processing. Word processing programmes enable administrators to compose, address, edit and produce written copy in a wide variety of formats. These written reports form a versatile tool for written communication.
iv. Data and Information Communication: In either simple or complex institutions, departments or sections can be indeed or connected together through computer networking system. This arrangement enhances quick and continuous interactions and monitoring of activities in all units within the system. For instance, messages can be sent and receives through e-mail, modern ICT enables administrators to receive or send information via telephone lines to and fro another computer anywhere in the world. In recent times, internet has made access to information and research activities possible for administrators.
v. ICT and Decision Making: Decision-making is the dynamic element that activate and sustains administrative process (Harrison 1987). It relies on information absent the alternative choices. The quality of information in any decision, situation determines the quality of decision. ICT enhance decision making process by providing quality or situation. The decision making process includes:
· Problem identification
· Developing alternative
· Choosing the best alternative
· Implementing the decision
· Control and evaluation of decision outcome
· All these are better
All these are better influences by information technology
2.10 RELEVANCE OF ICT TO ADMINISTRATION OF INSTITUTIONS
Scholars have propounded varies theories of administration and management but according to High (1978) there exist at least four boundary conditions which help to define the domain of applicability.
They are as follows:
1. That administration theory can not be directly applied to provide solution to specific managerial problems.
2. That administrative theory is value-free and cannot be used to validate ‘ought’ statements
3. There are differences in outlook and the practitioner which effectively invites communication and interaction
4. General theory has to be adapted to the special characteristics of educational administration.
With these shortcomings, ICT application in an institutional administration offers a better alternative. The relevance inherent in the use of ICT in institutional administration includes:
i. ICT can be applied directly to provide solution to specific administrative problems.
ii. Through its analytical quality, computer can be used on data that are available.
iii. Since computer operations are subject to computer users interest and manipulation, the problem of different outlook between the system and the user is removed, computer user can make use of any package that is suitable for the problem at hands.
iv. ICT have capacity to handle large quality of data, process them, store them and release them when needed even at the fastest speeds.
v. ICT enhance qualities and qualitative decision-making and information managements.
vi. In encourages skill acquisition and competency of administrators and
vii. The use of ICT guarantee effective administrative practices in record keeping, information management, personnel administration and resources allocation. It also saves time and prevents unnecessary wastages in administration.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter outlines the content of the methodology used in the course of collecting data as well as other related issues. It contains data collections, method adopted and characteristics of population of study, sampling and data analysis.
Thus, the chapter will concentrate on the methodology of tools used, justification of the method used and the method of analyzing the data.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
The study used the survey research design. The survey design was used in the study because it was considered appropriate for collecting data from a given population with an intention to determine the opinion, attitudes and perception of personnel considering the variables under study.
3.3 POPULATION OF STUDY
The population consists of all Polytechnics in Ogun State Nigeria. The Polytechnics are:
1. Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State.
2. Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Ojere, Ogun State.
3. All Over Central Polytechnic, Ota, Ogun State.
4. Grace Polytechnic, Omu-Ijebu, Ogun State.
5. Marvic Polytechnic Odeda, Ogun State.
6. The Polytechnic Ijebu-Igbo, Ogun State.
7. Gateway (ICT) Polytechnic Saapade, Ogun State.
8. Gateway (ICT) Polytechnic, Igbesa, Ogun State.
9. Gateway (ICT) Polytechnic, Itori, Ogun State.
10. Ogun State. Institute of Technology, Igbesa
3.4 SAMPLING PROCEDURE
The random sampling technique was used in selecting five polytechnics in Ogun State, Nigeria. Each of the polytechnics was selected based on their ownership and control. The polytechnic were:
1. Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro
2. Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Ojere
3. All over Central Polytechnic, Ota
4. Gateway (ICT) Polytechnic, Saapade
5. Gateway (ICT) Polytechnic, Itori
The study involved different categories of senior academic/administrative officers (Rector, Registrar, Dean of Schools, H.O.D’s, Administrative Officers and Lecturer) from each of the selected polytechnic
3.5 INSTRUMENTATION
A structured questionnaire titled the impact of application of information and communication technology in the administration of polytechnic (IAICTA) was used to gather information from the subjects. The instruments consist of two sections A and B. Section A sought data on the demographic characteristics of the respondents as regard their sec, marital status, name of institution, academic qualification and work experience. Section B requested data on factors that determine the impact of application of information and communications technology in the administration of polytechnic. Twenty structured items rated on 4 point. Likert attitudinal rating scale of strong agreed (SA) agreed (A) strong disagreed (SD) and disagreed (D) was used
Thus:
Strong Agree
Agree
Strong Disagree
Disagree
The respondents were required to tide each item in the appropriate column that mostly represents their opinion based on their degree of agreement or disagreement with the statement.
3.6 DATA COLLECTION
The questionnaire was administered personally by the researcher to the personnel (administration). Before the administration of the questionnaire, the objectives of the research work were clearly explained to the subject. The polytechnics were systematically classified for easy access of administration and collection. A total of 63 copies of the questionnaire were administered in the frame selected polytechnics. The respondents were given five days to complete the questionnaire after which they were collected.
3.7 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
The research questions were assumed using percentages after construction of contingency table for the items with regard to the research questions. The hypotheses were all tested at 0.05 level of significance using the mean statistic. The mean was used to answer the research questions.
The formula used is shown below:
where 
mean score
mean score f = frequency of response
x = the numeric value
S = summation
Decision rule
The mean value of 5.0 was used as the decision rule, the mean value of 5.0 and above was accepted and those with mean below were rejected.
The mean value was arrived at 5.0 by adding the score and dividing then by number of occurrences.
For examples
= 
= 5.0CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the results of data collected from respondents, with different tables showing the responses of the respondents and their responses.
4.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS / HYPOTHESES ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Hypotheses I: There is a significant relationship between information and communications technology and solving of administrative problems
Table 1: Relationship between ICT and administrative problem solving
| x | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| f | 146 | 81 | 0 | 3 | 240 |
| fx | 584 | 243 | 0 | 240 | 840 |
 | 3.5 | ||||
The above table revealed that the calculated value of 3.5 is less than the table value of 5.0, therefore, the null hypothesis that there is no significant between information and communications technology and solving of administrative problems is rejected. This implies that there is significant relationship between ICT and solving of administration problems.
value of 3.5 is less than the table value of 5.0, therefore, the null hypothesis that there is no significant between information and communications technology and solving of administrative problems is rejected. This implies that there is significant relationship between ICT and solving of administration problems.Hypothesis II: There is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and quality of decision-making in the administration of polytechnics.
Table 2: Relationship between ICT and quality of decision making in the administration of polytechnics
| x | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| f | 114 | 122 | 0 | 4 | 240 |
| fx | 456 | 366 | 0 | 4 | 826 |
| | 3.4 | ||||
The above table revealed that the calculated value of 3.4 is less than the table value of 5.0, therefore, the null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and solving of administrative problems is rejected. As a result of this, there is a significant relationship between information and communications technology and quality of decision-making in the administration of polytechnics.
value of 3.4 is less than the table value of 5.0, therefore, the null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and solving of administrative problems is rejected. As a result of this, there is a significant relationship between information and communications technology and quality of decision-making in the administration of polytechnics.Hypothesis III: There is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and administrative competence in polytechnics.
Table 3: Relationship between ICT and administrative competence in polytechnics
| x | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| f | 104 | 115 | 0 | 21 | 240 |
| fx | 416 | 345 | 0 | 21 | 782 |
| | 3.26 | ||||
Since the calculated value of 3.26 is less than the decision rule value of 5.0, therefore, the null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and administrative competence of polytechnics is rejected. Thus, there is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and administrative competence in polytechnics.
value of 3.26 is less than the decision rule value of 5.0, therefore, the null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and administrative competence of polytechnics is rejected. Thus, there is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and administrative competence in polytechnics.Hypothesis IV: There is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and administration of human resources in polytechnics.
Table 4: Relationship between ICT and administration of human resources in polytechnics
| x | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| f | 116 | 81 | 7 | 36 | 240 |
| fx | 464 | 243 | 14 | 36 | 757 |
| | 3.2 | ||||
The above table revealed that the calculated value of 3.2 is less than the decision rule value of 5.0. The null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and administration of human resources in polytechnics is therefore rejected. This indicates that there is significant relationship between ICT and administration of human resources in polytechnics.
value of 3.2 is less than the decision rule value of 5.0. The null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and administration of human resources in polytechnics is therefore rejected. This indicates that there is significant relationship between ICT and administration of human resources in polytechnics.Hypothesis V: There is no significant relationship between information and communications technology and speed in data management in polytechnics.
Table 5: Relationship between ICT and speed in data management in polytechnics
| x | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| f | 126 | 113 | 0 | 1 | 240 |
| fx | 504 | 339 | 0 | 1 | 844 |
| | 3.52 | ||||
The above table shows that the calculated value of 3.52 is less than 5.0 value of the decision rule. The null hypothesis that there is no significant between information and communications technology and speed in data management in polytechnics is therefore rejected. Thus, there is a significant relationship between ICT and speed in data management in polytechnics.
value of 3.52 is less than 5.0 value of the decision rule. The null hypothesis that there is no significant between information and communications technology and speed in data management in polytechnics is therefore rejected. Thus, there is a significant relationship between ICT and speed in data management in polytechnics.4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
This section aims at discussing the result of the findings of the research with one view of giving meaningful interpretation to them. Consequently, each hypothesis is discussed in relation to the data presented with a view of accepting or rejecting such hypothesis.
Hypothesis One
This finding indicates that information and communications technology could be more relevant in providing solutions to administrative problems. This is probably because with the application of ICT, clearer perception of problems could be seen with a view to providing better and more permanent solutions to the problem. It could also make problem solving faster than using the traditional means of problem solving. My finding supports Adeyemi (2011) who says that possible solution could be proffered in enhancing the use of information and communications technology (ICT) in the effective management of universities. Polytechnics administrators are therefore advised to adopt ICT in problem-solving.
Hypothesis Two
The finding revealed that information and communications technology enhances quality of decision making in the administration of polytechnics. Quality of decision could be achieved through priority of attention to the pressing project of polytechnics be it building of additional lecture hall, procurement of staff, vehicles and building of ICT laboratory.
Information and communications technology justifies quality of decision making in all facets of polytechnics administration. As a result of this, polytechnics administrators are endowed with skills of prompt attention to desirable projects of all kinds.
There are many desirable attributes of information and communications technology (ICT) which are concern with the effective provision of information to recipient, relevance for intended purpose, accuracy, factual, volume of information, volume of detail and presentation of information (Adegun, 2002). The quality of decision making in polytechnic in related to ICT can stand the test of time.
Hypothesis Three
This finding indicates that ICT could be relevant in administrative competence of personnel in polytechnics. It was found out that using ICT will promote issues on students’ admission, students’ records and transcript, examination records, teaching, research and community services (Abe and Adu, 2007). The relationship between ICT and administrative competence was supported to enhance capacity building.
Polytechnic administrators are therefore advised to put up more programmes to facilitate competence administrative skills.
Hypothesis Four
This finding shows that information and communications technology could be used to exploit administrative of human resources in polytechnics. Adeyemi (2007) supports the utilizing human and material resources in accomplishing designated objectives. Information and communications technology could be used to organize, direct, coordinate and evaluate programmes in a bid to achieve goals or objectives of administration of polytechnics. ICT justifies better human relations for effective management of human resources, material resources and financial resources. It makes personnel to contribute greater achievement of goals within the system.
Hypothesis Five
The finding indicates that information and communications technology (ICT) could justify more speed in data management of polytechnics. ICT helps administrators perform school duties effectively. Zain et al. (2004) also affirm that ICT increases and provides information to the finger tips of administrators. Information and communications technology could facilitate speed in data management by creating rapport faster by saving the data into digital content; and saving the time to preparing the lecture notes.
Information and communications technology should be ubiquitous in educational administrative offices and mainly helps administrators get a better idea of the size of the educational system, students dropout and repetition, and the number of students per teacher (Canoy, 2004).
4.4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This study is the impact of application of information and communications technology (ICT) in the administration of polytechnics in Ogun State Nigeria.
The findings of this study include the following:
1. There is significant between information and communications technology and solving of administrative problems.
2. There is significant relationship between information and communications and quality of decisions making in the administrative of polytechnics
3. There is significant relationship between information and communications technology and administrative competence in polytechnics.
4. There is significant relationship between information and communication technology and administrative of human resources in polytechnics.
5. There is significant relationship between information and communications technology and speed in data management in polytechnics.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter summarizes the implications of the study, recommendation and suggestion for further studies.
5.2 IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY
The implications of this study include the following:
1. Since this study found positive relationship therefore, polytechnics administrators should have clear knowledge of the concept of ICT, then take greater delight in it and make it more functional in their respective institutions.
2. Another interesting aspect of my finding is that positive relationship was found between ICT and decision-making. The administrative implication of this is that, it therefore, becomes mandatory on polytechnic administrators to adopt ICT in decision-making to enable their decision to be reliable and valid.
3. It was also revealed that there was positive relationship between ICT and administrative competence in polytechnics. Polytechnic administrators should be well informed about capacity building of human resources at their disposal.
4. The study found that staff administrative support service is achievable through effective ICT integration and resource tracking and management system.
5. This study found the significant relationship between ICT and speed in data management in polytechnics. Polytechnic administrators are hereby advised to implore strong and viable data system management.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were given as follows:
1. The proprietors of polytechnics (Federal Government, State Government and Private individuals) should as a matter of urgency put more ICT facilities and equipments in providing solutions to specific problems of administration.
2. The ownership of polytechnic should recognize the impact and applicability of ICT to enhance qualitative and quantitative decision-making in the successful administration of polytechnics.
3. National Board for Technical Education should make the compliance of ICT facilities more relevant to encourage skill acquisition and competence of administrators.
4. Polytechnics administrators should show more interest in the use of ICT tools to guarantee effective administration of human and material resources within their system.
5. Polytechnic administrators should build more confidence in ICT tools in having capacity to handle and process data within a fastest desired speed.
5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
1. This study was carried out in Ogun State Polytechnics. I am theefore, recommending that a similar instrument be used in some other states such as Oyo, Ondo, Osun and Ekiti States.
2. A similar study can also be carried out in Federal Polytechnics using a similar instrument.
3. The instrument used for this study could be adopted, or adapted for study in the northern states of Nigeria to confirm similarities in findings.
5.5 CONCLUSION
Considering the findings of the study, it was concluded that information and commutations technology have significant impact in the administration of polytechnic in Ogun, State Nigeria. The impact were found to be relevant to senior academic & administration officers of polytechnics in ICT providing solutions to specific problems of administration, ICT enhance qualitative and quantitative. Decision-making in the administration of polytechnic, ICT encourages kill acquisition and competency of administrators, ICT guarantees effective administrative practices of human and material resources, ICT has capacity to handle quality of data for processing with fastest speed.
For greater reference, ICT therefore should be fully integrated into capacity building of both academic and administrative staff of all polytechnics.
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QUESTIONNAIRE
Victoria Open University of Nigeria,
Victoria Island,
Lagos.
Abeokuta Study Centre,
Ogun State.
Dear Respondents,
REQUEST FOR COMPLETION OF PROJECT QUESTIONNAIRE
I am a post graduate students of the above named institution.
I am undertaking a research on the impact of application and communication technology in the administration of polytechnics in Ogun State, Nigeria.
It is on this note that I request you to answer the attached questionnaire. This exercise is solely for academic purpose. I therefore guarantee that the information supplied will be treated confidentially and used only for this study.
Thanks for your co-operation
Yours faithfully,
Bayo Soneye.
QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE IMPACT OF APPLICATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF POLYTECHNICS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
SECTION A
Please tide (P) where appropriate.
1. Name of Polytechnic:_______________________________________________
2. Sex: Male Female
3. Position: Rector
Dean of school
H.O.D.
School officer Lecturer
4. Qualification: Ph.D
M.sc
H.N.D
Others
5. Years of experience: 31 – above
21 – 30
11 – 20 1 – 10
SECTION B
The instrument below is a Likert rating scale questionnaire. It is designed in a four points rating scale, viz:
SA = Strongly Agree = 4
A = Agree = 3
D = Disagree = 2
SD = Strongly Disagree = 1
Please tick as you deem appropriate in the column below
| S/N | STATEMENT | SA | A | SD | D |
| 1. | ICT providing solution to specific administration problems | | | | |
| 2. | ICT is relevant for facilitating information gathering | | | | |
| 3. | ICT is relevant for enhancing authentic information gathering | | | | |
| 4. | ICT is relevant for reducing boredom | | | | |
| 5. | Enhancing decision making in the administration polytechnic | | | | |
| 6. | Facilitation information dissemination | | | | |
| 7. | Improving skill acquisition | | | | |
| 8. | Preventing effectiveness in administration | | | | |
| 9. | Enhancing better record keeping | | | | |
| 10. | Facilitating competency in discharge of functions | | | | |
| 11. | Preventing financial dishonesty | | | | |
| 12. | Facilitating employment for students | | | | |
| 13. | Making graduate relevant in the world of technology | | | | |
| 14. | Preventing capacity building | | | | |
| 15. | Reducing man-hour in the discharge of duties | | | | |
| 16. | Enhancing monitoring of educational facilities | | | | |
| 17. | Facilitating adequate data storage of academic records | | | | |
| 18. | Enhancing data processing | | | | |
| 19. | Providing storing for your polytechnic data base | | | | |
| 20. | Proving self employment | | | | |
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